DIAPAUSE AND QUIESCENCE AS TWO MAIN KINDS OF DORMANCY AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE IN LIFE CYCLES OF MITES AND TICKS (CHELICERATA: ARACHNIDA: ACARI). PART 1. ACARIFORMES

About author:

Belozerov V. N., Biological Research Institute, St. Petersburg State University, Stary Peterhof, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia

Annotation:

A review of available data on diapause and quiescence as two main kinds of dormancy in life histories of the acari- form mites (Arachnida: Acari), particularly of Oribatida, Astigmata and Prostigmata, and on the role of both dormant states in life cycles of these mites due to their adaptations to predictable (seasonal) and unpredictable (irregular) environmental changes. The survival during periods of adverse conditions is enabled in the acariform mites by both kinds of dormancy controlled either endog-enously (diapause), or exogenously (quiescence), and also in both ways. However, the role of dormancy in the control of life-cycle seasonality, well known for diapause, is doubtful for the common form of quiescence, arisen as a direct response to unfavorable environmental changes at any life-cycle stage, and called as “the stage-independent quiescence”. However another form, ascer-tained in insects as “the post-diapause quiescence”, and characteristic of many acariform mites also, is of great significance for seasonal time-adjustment in both these groups of terrestrial arthropods. Similar function is characteristic probably of “the stage-specific quiescence” ascertained theoretically for insects. Representatives of the Acari reveal a high diversity of the life-cycle seasonal control systems (from plesiotypic types with numerous diapause-capable ontogenetic stages up to apotypic types with single or limited number of such stages, also enabling the reliable life-cycle seasonality). An adaptation to environmental unpredict-ability in mites with plesiotypic systems is based on overlapping flexible life cycles (with capability of some stages for quiescence also), while in mites with apotypic systems — on special resting stage (often with phoretic dispersal). A combination of diapause and post-diapause quiescence known in many extant prostigmatid mites is suggested as an initial ancestral state of dormancy in adaptations of acariform mites (particularly of Oribatida) to adverse environmental changes. Such a hypothesis gives reason-able solution of controversial interpretations concerning the nature of dormancy in extant oribatid mites during their hibernation.

Bibliography:

Akimov, I.A. and Gorgol, V.T. 1990. Khishchnye i
parasiticheskie kleshchi-cheyletidy [Predaceous
and parasitic cheyletid mites]. Naukova Dumka
Publ., Kiev, 120 pp. [In Russian]

Alberti, G. 1975. Praelarven und Phylogenie der Schna-
belmilben (Bdellidae,Trombidiformes). Zeitschrift
für Zoologie, Systematik und Evolutionsforschung,
13: 44–62.

Alekseev, V.R. 1990. Diapauza rakoobraznykh. Ekofi-
siologicheskie aspekty. [Diapause in Crustaceans.
Ecophysiological aspects]. Nauka Publ., Moscow.
144 pp. [in Russian]

Alekseev, V.R. and Starobogatov, Ya.I. 1996. Types of
diapause in the Crustacea: definitions, distribu-
tion, evolution. Hydrobiologia, 320: 15–26.

Alekseev, V.R., Ravera, O., and De Stasio, B.T. 2007.
Introduction to diapause. In: V.R. Alekseev et al.
(Eds.). Diapause in aquatic Invertebrates: Theory
and Human Use. Springer Verlag, pp.3–10.

Alexander, R.D. 1968. Life cycle origins, speciation
and related phenomena in crickets. Quarterly Re­
view of Biology, 43: 1–41.

Amrine, J. and Stasny, T.A. 1994. Catalog of the Erio-
phyoidea (Acarina, Prostigmata) of the World. In-
dira Publishing House, West Bloomfield, Michi-
gan, 798 pp.

André, H.M. and Fain, A. 1991. Ontogeny in the
Tydeoidea (Ereynetidae, Tydeidae and Iolinidae.
In: F. Dusbabek and V. Bukva (Eds). Modern Ac-
arology. Academia, Prague. Vol.2, pp. 297–230.

André, H.M. and Fain, A. 2000. Phylogeny, ontogeny
and adaptive radiation in the superfamily
Tydeoidea (Acari: Actinedida), with a reappraisal
of morphological characters. Zool. Journ. of the
Linnean Society, 130: 405–448.

Athias-Binche, F. Ecology and evolution of phoresy in
mites. In: F. Dusbabek and V. Bukva (Eds.) Mod-
ern Acarology. Academia, Prague, vol.1, pp.
27–41.

Attiah, H.H., Soliman, A.A., and Wahba, M.L. 1973.
On the biology of Brevipalpus californicus. In: M.
Daniel and B. Rosicky (Eds.), Proceedings of the
3rd Intern. Congr. Acarology (Prague, 1971), Aca-
demia Publ. House, Prague, pp.187–192.

Bagnjuk, I.G. 1976. [The four-legged mite Trisetacus
picaea (Acarina, Eriophyoidea) — a bud pest of
the common fir]. Trudy Petergofskogo Biol. Insti­
tuta, 24: 130–145. [In Russian]

Bagnjuk, I.G. 1984. [A new bud mite (Acarina, Tet-
rapodili), the pest of the Siberian fir (Abies sibiri­
ca)]. Zool. Zhurnal, 63: 373–382. [In Russian]

Baker, E.W. and Wharton, G.W. 1955. Vvedenie v
akarologiyu [An Introduction to Acarology]. Mos-
cow, 475 pp. [In Russian]

Barker, P.S. 1968. Bionomics of Glycyphagus domesti­
cus (de Geer) (Acarina: Glycyphagidae), a pest of
stored grain. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 46:
89–92.

Bartsch, I. 1972. Ein Beitrag zur Systematik, Biologie
und Oekologie der Halacariden (Acari) aus dem
Litoral der Nord- und Ostsee. I. Systematik und
Biologie. Abhandlungen der naturwissenschaftli­
che Vereinigung, Hamburg (NF), 16: 155–230.

Bartsch, I. 2004. Geographical and ecological distribu-
tion of marine halacarid genera and species (Ac-
ari: Halacaridae). Experimental and Applied Ac­
arology, 34: 37–58.

Bauernfeind, R. 2005. Winter Grain Mites. Kansas State
University, Agricultural Experiment Station. 3 pp.

Behan-Pelletier, V.M. 1999. Oribatid mite fauna of
northern ecosystems: a product of evolutionary
adaptations or physiological constraints? In: G.
Needham et al. (Eds), Acarology IX, Vol. 2, Sym-
posia. Ohio Biological Survey, Columbus, Ohio,
pp. 87–105.

Belozerov, V.N. 1976. [Life cycles and seasonal adap-
tations in ixodid ticks]. In: Doklady XXVIII Ye-
zhegodnykh chteniy pamyati N.A. Kholodkovsko-
go. Izd. Nauka, Moscow, pp.53–101. [in Russian]
(in English: NAMRU-3, T1124)

Belozerov, V.N. 1982. Diapause and biological rhythms
in ticks. In: F.D. Obenchain and R. Galun (Eds.).
Physiology of Ticks. Pergamon Press, Oxford,
pp.469–500.

Belozerov, V.N. 1988. [Photoperiodism and seasonal
development of ixodid ticks]. Dr. Biol. Sci. thesis,
St. Petersburg State University, 40 pp. [in Rus-
sian]

Belozerov, V.N. 1991. Evolution of life cycles in ticks
(Ixodidae) due to climate seasonality. In: F.
Dusbabek and V. Bukva (Eds). Modern Acarolo-
gy. Prague. Vol. 2, pp.135–139.

Belozerov, V.N. 2006. Seasonal adaptations in the life
cycles of mites and ticks: comparative and evolu-
tionary aspects. In: XII Intern. Congr. Acarology
(21–26 August 2006, Amsterdam). Abstracts, p. 29.

Belozerov, V.N. 2007. [Distribution of dormant stages
in the life cycles of the Acari (Chelicerata: Arach-
nida) in comparison with mandibulate arthropods
(Insects and Crustaceans)]. In: Trudy Biol. nauch-
no-issled. instituta St. Peterburgskogo gosudarst-
vennogo Universiteta, 53: 193–233. [In Russian,
Engl. Summary]

Belozerov, V.N. 2008a. Calyptostasy: its role in the de-
velopment and life histories of the Parasitengone
mites (Acari: Prostigmata: Parasitengona). Acari­
na, 16: 3–19.

Belozerov, V.N. 2008b. Seasonal adaptations in the life
cycles of mites and ticks: comparative and evolu-
tionary aspects. In: Proc. XII International Con-
gress of Acarology. (in press)

Blanco, G. and Frias, O. 2001. Symbiotic feather mites
synchronize dispersal and population growth with
host sociality and migratory disposition. Ecogra­
phy, 24: 113–120.

Block, W.C. 1965. The life history of Platynothrus
peltifer and Damaeus clavipes in Pennine moor-
land. Acarologia, 7: 735–743.

Block, W.C. and Convey, P. 1995. The biology, life
cycle and ecophysiology of the Antarctic mite
Alaskozetes antarcticus. Journal of Zoology (Lon­
don), 236: 431–449.

Bondarenko, N.V. 1950. [The influence of shortened
day on the annual cycle of development of the
common spider mite]. Doklady Akademii Nauk
SSSR, 70: 1077–1080. [In Russian]

Boulanova, E.M. 1937. [Notes morphologique et bi-
ologique sur Ferminia fusca Ouds]. Bull. Mos­
covskogo obshchestva ispytateley prirody, Biol.
N.S., 46: 304–316. [In Russian]

Brendonck, L. 1996. Diapause, quiescence, hatching
requirements: what we can learn from large fresh-
water branchiopods (Crustacea: Branchiopoda:
Anostraca, Notostraca, Conchostraca). Hydrobio­
logia, 320: 85–97.

Bruce, W.A. and LeCato, G.I. 1979. Potential biologi-
cal control agent of stored-product insects. In: J.D.
Rodriguez (Ed.). Recent Advances in Acarology,
vol.1, pp.213–220.

Bucking, J. 1999. Population biology of a phytopha-
gous mite of marine and estuarine rocky shores
(Astigmata, Hyadesiidae). In: Ecology and evolu-
tion of the Acari (Proceedings of the 3rd Sympo-
sium of EUROAC, 1996), pp.441–450.

Bucking, J., Ernst, H., and Siemer, F. 1998. Populatiom
dynamics of phytophagous mites inhabiting rocky
shores — K-strategists in an extreme environ-
ment? In: Arthropod Biology: Contribution to
Morphology, Ecology and Systematics. Biosys-
tematics and Ecology Series, 14, pp. 93–143.

Cáceres, C.E. 1997. Dormancy in invertebrates. Inver­
tebrate Biology, 116: 371–383.

Caresche, L.A. and Wapshere, A.J. 1974. Biology and
host specifity of the Chondrilla gall mite Aceria
chondrillae (G.Can.) (Acarina, Eriophyidae). Bul­
letin of Entomological Research, 64: 183–192.

Childers, C.C., French, J.V., and Rodrigues, J.C.V.
2003. Brevipalpus californicus, B. obovatus, B.
phoenicis, and B. lewisi (Acari: Tenuipalpidae): a
review of their biology, feeding injury and eco-
nomic importance. Experimental and Applied Ac­
arology, 30: 5–28.

Clegg, J.S. 2001. Cryptobiosis: a peculiar state of bio-
logical organization. Comparative Biochemistry
and Physiology, Part B, 128: 613–624

Clift, A.D. and Larsson, S.F. 1987. Phoretic Dispersal
of Brennandania lambi (Kcrzal) (Acari: Tarsone-
mida: Pygmephoridae) by Mushroom Flies (Dip-
tera: Sciaridae and Phoridae) in New South Wales,
Australia. Experimental and Applied Acarology,
3: 11–20.

Convey, P. 1994. Growth and survival strategy of the
Antarctic mite Alaskozetes antarcticus. Ecogra­
phy, 17: 97–107.

Convey, P. 1996. Overwintering strategies of terrestrial
invertebrates in Antarctica — the significance of
flexibility in extremely seasonal environment. Eu­
ropean Journal of Entomology, 93: 489–506.

Corente, C.H. and Knülle, W. 2003. Hypopus induction
in the stored-product mite Lepidoglyphus destruc­
tor. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 29:
89–107.

Cowan, D.F. 1984. Life history and male dimorphism
in the mite Kennethiella trisetosa (Winterschmidti-
idae), and its symbiotic relationship with the wasp
Ancistrocerus antilope (Hym., Eumenidae). An­
nals of Entomological Society of America, 77:
725–732.

Cross, E.A. and Kaliszewski, M.J. 1988. The life his-
tory of a mushroom pest mite, Pediculaster flecht­
manni (Wicht) (Acari: Pygmephoroidea), with
studies of alternate morph formation. Environ­
mental Entomology, 17: 309–315.

Cuthbertson, A.G.S. and Murchie, A.K. 2004. The phe-
nology, oviposition and feeding rate of Anystis
baccarum, a predatory mite in Bramley apple or-
chards in Northern Ireland. Experimental and Ap­
plied Acarology, 34: 367–373.

Dahms, H.U. 1995. Dormancy in the Copepoda — an
overview. Hydrobiologia, 306: 199–211.

Daniel, M. 1961. The bionomics and developmental
cycle of some chiggers (Acariformes, Trombiculi-
dae) in the Slovak Carpathians. Ceskoslov. Para­
sitologie, 8: 31–118.

Danilevsky, A.S. 1961. Fotoperiodizm i sezonnoe raz-
vitie nasekomykh [Photoperiodism and seasonal
development of insects]. Leningrad University
Press, Leningrad, 243 pp. [in Russian] (English
translation: 1965. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh-
London)

Danks, H.V. 1987. Insect dormancy: an Ecological
Perspective. Biol. Survey of Canada, Monograph
Series, No.1, 439 pp.

Danks, H.V. 1994. Diversity and integration of life-
cycle control in insects. In: H.V. Danks (Ed.). In-
sect Life-cycle Polymorphism: Theory, Evolution,
and Ecological Consequences for Seasonality and
Diapause Control. Springer Verlag, pp. 5–41.

Danks, H.V. 1999a. Life cycles in polar arthropods —
flexible or programmed? European Journal of En­
tomology, 96, 83–102.

Danks, H.V. 1999 b. The dormancy and evolution of
insect life cycles. Entomological Science, 2:
651–660.

Danks, H.V. 2004. Seasonal Adaptations in Arctic In-
sects. Integrative and Comparative Biology 44:
85–94.

Danks, H.V. 2006. Insect adaptations to cold and
changing environment. Canadian Entomologist,
138: 1–23.

De Sabatino, A., Gerecke, R., and Martin, P. 2000. The
biology and ecology of lotic water mites. Fresh­
water Biology, 44: 47–62.

Doberski, J. 1986. Population dynamics of corticolous
mites of the genus Daidalotarsonemus (Tarsone-
midae) on Elm coppice. Acarologia, 27: 31–36.

Domes, K., Althammer, M., Norton, R.A., Scheu, S.,
and Maraun, M. 2007. The phylogenetic relation-
ship between Astigmata and Oribatida (Acari) as
indicated by molecular markers. Exp. Appl. Ac­
arology, 42: 159–171.

Dosse, G. and Schneider, I. 1957. Biologie und Lebens-
weise von Czenspinskia lordi. Zeitschrift fur Ang­
ewandte Zoologie, 44: 403–418.

Dubinin, V.B. 1951. Per’evye kleshchi (Analgesoidea).
Chast’ I. Vvedenie v izuchenie. [Feather mites
(Analgesoidea). Part I. Introduction to study].
Fauna of the USSR, Paukoobraznye 6 (5). Pub-
lisher: Nauka, Moscow-Leningrad, 365 pp. [In
Russian]

Dubinin, V.B. 1954. Tchesotochnye kleshchi [Itch
mites]. Sovetskaya Nauka Publ., Moscow, 172 pp.
[In Russian]

Dubinin, V.B. and Vasilev, I. 1958. [Ecophysiological
peculiarities in separate populations of feather
mites (Analgesoidea), living on birds from differ-
ent geographical areas]. Izvestiya Zoologichesko­
go Instituta Bulgar. Academii Nauk, 7: 91–114.
[In Russian]

Dubinina, E.V. and Pletnev, B.D. 1977. Metody ob-
naruzheniya i opredeleniya allergennykh klesh-
chey domashney pyli [Methods of detection and
identification of allergenic dust mites]. Nauka
Publ., Leningrad, 51 pp.

Düzgünes, Z. 1969. The biological characteristics of
some species of the family Tenuipalpidae in Tur-
key. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Con-
gress of Acarology (1967), Budapest, pp.
169–171.

Eggers, A. 1995. Observations on egg deposition, para-
sitism and development of Johnstoniana spp.
(Prostigmata: Parasitengonae: Johnstonianidae).
In: D. Kropczynska et al. (Eds.) The Acari: Physi-
ological and ecological aspects of Acari-host rela-
tionships. Oficyna DABOR, Warzawa. pp.
487–496.

Elgmork, K. 1980. Evolutionary aspects of diapause in
freshwater copepods. In: W.C. Kerfoot (Ed.) Evo-
lution and ecology of zooplankton communities.
University Press of New England, NH, pp.
411–417.

Emme, A.M. 1953. [Some problems in the theory of
insect diapause]. Uspekhy sovremennoy biologii,
35: 395–421. [in Russian]

Evans, G.O. 1992. Principles of Acarology. CAB Inter-
national, UK, 563 pp.

Fashing, N.J. 1977. The resistant tritonymphal instar
and its implications in the population dynamics of
Naiadacarus arboricola Fashing (Acarina: Acari-
dae). Acarologia, 18: 704–714.

Fashing, N.J. 1994. Life-history patterns of Astigmatid
inhabitants of water-filled treeholes. In: M.A.
Houck (Ed.). Mites: ecological and evolutionary
analyses of life-history patterns. Chapman and
Hall, pp.160–185.

Ferla, N.J. and Moraes, G., de. 2003. Biologia di Ag­
istemus floridanus (Acari, Stigmaeidae). Revista
di Brasileira de Zoologia, 20: 201–204.

Fryer, G. 1996. Diapause, a potent force in the evolu-
tion of freshwater crustaceans. Hydrobiologia,
320: 1–14.

Gäbele, M. 1959. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Gattung
Bryobia (Acari. Tetranychidae). Zeitschrift für
Angewandte Zoologie, 46: 191–247.

Gabrys, G. and Wohltmann, A. 2003. A redescription
of adult and larva of Echinothrombium rhodinum
C.L. Koch, 1837 (Acari: Parasitengona: Mi-
crotrombidiidae) with comments on the biology of
the species. Annales zoologici (Warszawa), 53:
729–738.

Gao, J.-R. and Zou, P. 2001. Biology, life table and
host specificity of the mushroom pest, Brennanda­
nia lambi (Acari: Pygmephoroidea). Experimental
and Applied Acarology, 25: 187–202.

Geyspitz, K.F. and Orlovskaya, E.E. 1971. [Physiolog-
ical characteristics of two types of diapause in the
common spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch].
In: Kholodoustoychivost nasekomykh i kleshchey.
Tezisy simposiuma, Tartu, pp. 16–20. [In Rus-
sian]

Gerson, U. 1992. Biology and control of the broad mite,
Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) (Acari: Tar-
sonemidae). Experimental and Applied Acarology,
13: 163–178.

Glinyanaya, E.I. 1972. [The role of photoperiod in the
reactivation of arthropods with summer and win-
ter diapause]. In: N.I. Goryshin (Ed.) Problemy
Fotoperiodizma i diapausy u nasekomykh. Lenin-
grad State University, pp.88–102. [In Russian]

Goldarazena, A., Aguilar, H., Kutuk, H., and Childers,
C.C. 2004. Biology of three species of Agistemus
(Acari: Stigmaeidae): life table parameters using
eggs of Panonychus citri or pollen of Malephora
crocea as food. Exp. Appl. Acarology, 32:
281–291.

Golovach, G.P. 1989. [Characteristics of the phenology
of the predatory mite Anystis and its rearing under
laboratory conditions]. Vestnik Zoologii, 3: 84–86.
[in Russian]

Gotoh, T. 1986. Local variation in overwintering stages
of Panonychus akitanus Ehara (Acarina: Tetrany-
chidae). Exprimental and Applied Acarology, 2:
137–151.

Gourbiere, F., Lions, J.C., and Pepin, R. 1985. Activ-
ité et développement d’Adorites ovatus (C.L.
Koch, 1839) (Acariens, Oribate) dans les ai-
guilles d’ Abies alba Mill. Rev. Ecol. Biol. Sol.,
22: 57–73.

Grandjean, F. 1937. Sur quelques characteres des Ac-
aridiae libres. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 62:
388–398.

Grbic, M., Khila, A., Lee, K.Z., Bjelica, A., Grbic, V.,
Whistlecraft, J., Verdon, L., Navajas, M., and
Nagy, L. 2007. Mity model: Tetranychus urticae,
a candidate for chelicerate model organism. BioEs­
says, 29: 489–496.

Greenslade, P.J.M. 1983. Adversity selection and the
habitat templet. American Naturalist, 122:
352–365.

Grishina, L.A. 1991. [Duration of life cycles in the soil
oribatid mites (Sarcoptiformes, Oribatei)]. Sibir­
sky biol. zhurnal, 3: 38–46. [In Russian]

Grishina, L.A. 1997. Population dynamics of Oribatid
mites in different parts of species areas. Abhand­
lungen und Berichte der Naturkundemuseum Gör­
litz, 69: 53–56.

Gurney, W.S.C., Crowley, P.H., and Nisbet, R.M.
1991. Locking life cycles onto seasons: Circle-
map models of population dynamics and local ad-
aptation. Journal of Mathematical Biology, 30:
251–279.

Gurney, W.S.C., Crowley, P.H., and Nisbet, R.M.
1994. Stage-specific quiescence as a mechanism
for synchronizing life cycles to seasons. Theoreti­
cal population biology, 46: 319–343.

Gutierrez, J. and Helle, W. 1988. Evolution of Tetrany-
chidae (Acari: Actinedida). In: G.P. Channabasa-
vanna and C.A. Viraktamath (Eds.) Progress in
Acarology. Vol.1. Oxford & IBH Publ. Co, New-
Dehli, pp. 379–389.

Hågwar, S. 1998. Mites (Acari) developing inside de-
composing spruce needles: Biology and effect on
decomposition rates. Pedobiologia, 42: 358–377.

Hairston, N.G., Jr. and Cáceres, C.E. 1996. Distribu-
tion of crustacean diapause: micro- and macroevo-
lutionary pattern and processes. Hydrobiologia,
320: 27–44.

Hallas, T.E. and Gudleifsson, B.E. 2004. Phenology of
Bryobia cristata (Acari, Prostigmata) in hayfields
in northern Iceland. Experimental and Applied Ac­
arology, 33: 103–107.

Harding, D.J.L. 1973. The phenology of Platynothrus
peltifer. In: M. Daniel and B. Rosicky (Eds.), Pro-
ceedings of the 3rd Intern. Congr. Acarology
(Prague, 1971), Academia Publ. House, Prague,
pp. 79–83.

Hart, B. J. and Fain, A. 1988. Morphological and bio-
logical studies of medically important house-dust
mites. Acarologia, 29: 285–295.

Hassan, E.F.O. and Keifer, H.H. 1978. The mango leaf-
coating Cisaberoptus kenyae K. (Eriophyidae).
Pan Pacific Entomologist, 54: 185–193.

Heethoff, M., Domes, K., Laumann, M., Maraun, M.,
Norton, R.A., and Scheu, S. 2007. High genetic
divergences indicate ancient separation of parthe-
nogenetic lineages of the oribatid mite Platyno­
thrus peltifer (Acari, Oribatida). Journ. Evol. Biol­
ogy, 20: 392–399.

Hill, A. and Deahl, K.L. 1978. Description and life cy-
cle of a new species of Histiostoma (Acari: His-
tiostomidae) associated with commercial mush-
room production. Proceedings of Entomological
Society of Washington, 80: 317–329.

Hodek, I. 1971. Termination of adult diapause in Pyr-
rhocoris apterus in the field. Entomology Exp.
Appl. 14: 212–222.

Hodek, I. 1973. Biology of Coccinellidae. Academia,
Prague & Junk, The Hague, 260 pp.

Hodek, I. 1996. Diapause development, diapause ter-
mination and the end of diapause. European Jour­
nal of Entomology, 93: 475–487.

Hodek, I. 2002. Controversial aspects of diapause de-
velopment. European Journal of Entomology, 99:
163–173.

Houck, M.A. 1994. Adaptation and transition into para-
sitism from commensalism. In: M.A. Houck (ed.).
Mites: Ecological and evolutionary analyses of
life-history patterns. Chapman and Hall,
pp.252–281.

Houck, M.A. and Oconnor, B.M. 1991. Ecological and
evolutionary significance of phoresy in the Astig-
mata. Annual Review of Entomology, 36: 611–636.
Houston, T.F. 1987. The symbiosis of Acarid mites, ge-
nus Ctenocolletacarus (Acarina, Acariformes),
and Stenotritid bees, genus Ctenocolletes (Insecta,
Hymenoptera). Australian Journal of Zoology, 35:
459–468.

Ji, L., Izraylevich, S., Gazit, S., and Gerson, U. 1998. A
sex-specific tri-trophic-level effect in a phoretic
association. Experimental and Applied Acarology,
22: 559–594.

James, D.G. and O’Malley, K.J. 1993. Phenology of
egg production and diapause in Halotydeus de­
structor Tucker and Penthaleus major Dugés (Ac-
ari: Penthaleidae) in southern New South Wales
during 1988/89. General and Applied Entomolo­
gy, 24: 33–38.

Jeppson, L.R., Keifer, H.H., and Baker, E.W. 1975.
Mites Injurious to Economic Plants. University of
California Press, Berkeley, 614 pp.

Jönsson, K.I. 2005. The evolution of life histories in
holo-anhydrobiotic animals: a first approach. Inte­
grative and Comparative Biology, 45: 764–770.

Kanavel, R.F. and Selhime, A.G. 1967. Biological
studies on Paracheyletia bakeri (Acarina: Chey-
letidae). The Florida Entomologist, 50:
107–113.

Kaneko, N. 1989. Life history of four oribatid mite spe-
cies in a mull type soil in a cool temperate forest in
Japan. Pedobiologia, 33: 117–126.

Kapil, R.P. and Bhanot, J.P. 1972. Biology of Acarop­
sis docta (Berlese) with notes on bionomics and
behaviour of developmental stages. Acarologia,
14: 595–604.

Kasuga, S. and Amano, H. 2003. Seasonal prevalence
and susceptibility to agrochemicals of Tyropha-
gus similis (Acari: Acaridae). Exp. Appl. Acarol­
ogy, 30: 279–288.

Katsoyanos, P., Kontodimas, D.C., and Stathas, G.
2005. Summer diapause and winter quiescence of
Hippodamia (Semiadalia) undecimnotata (Co-
leoptera: Coccinellidae) in central Greece. Euro­
pean Journal of Entomology, 102: 453–457.

Keilin, D. 1959. The problem of anabiosis or latent life:
history and current concept. Proc. Royal Society,
London, Biol. Sci., 150, No 939: 149–191.

Keith, D.I., Kalisch, J., and Broce, A.R. 2005. Pye­
motes itch mites. NebFacts, NF05–653, 3 pp.

Kethley, J. 1982. Acariformes. In: S.P. Parker (Ed.).
Synopsis and classification of living organisms.
Vol.2. McGraw-Hill, pp. 117–145.

Kethley, J. 1991. Calyptostasic nymphs of Neonano­
rchestes (Nanorchestidae): a third example of al-
ternating calyptostasy. In: F. Dusbabek and V.
Bukva (Eds.). Modern Acarology, Academia,
Prague, vol. 2, pp. 279–282.

Kielczewski, B. and Seniczak, S. 1972. Cykl roz-
wojowy drapieznego roztocza Calvolia fraxini
(Tyroglyphidae, Acarina). Pr. Z. Zakr. Lesn.,
Poznan, 34: 83–88. [in Polish]

Klompen, J.S.H., Lukoschus, F.S., and Oconnor, B.M.
1987. Ontogeny, life history and sex ratio evolu-
tion in Ensliniella kostylevi. Journal of Zoology
(London), 213: 591–607.

Knop, N.G. and Hoy, M.A. 1983. Biology of a tydeid
mite Homeopronematus anconai new combina-
tion (Acari, Tydeidae) important in San Joaquin
valley (California, USA) vineyards. Hilgardia,
51: 1–27.

Kniille, W., 1987. Genetic variability and ecological
adaptability of hypopus formation in a stored
product mite. Experimental and Applied Acarolo­
gy, 3: 21–32.

Knülle, W. 1991a. Life-cycle strategies in unpredict-
ably varying environments: genetic adaptations in
a colonizing mite. In: R. Schuster and P.W. Mor-
phy (Eds.). The Acari. Reproduction, Develop-
ment and Life-history Strategies. Chapman and
Hall, London, pp. 51–55.

Knülle, W. 1991b. Genetic and environmental determi-
nants of hypopus duration in the stored-product
mite Lepidoglyphus destructor. Experimental and
Applied Acarology, 10: 231–258.

Knülle, W. 1995. Expression of a dispersal trait in a
guild of mites colonizing transient habitats. Evolu­
tionary Ecology, 9: 341–353.

Knülle, W. 1999. Genes, environment and develop-
mental switching in astigmatid mites. In: G. Need-
ham et al. (Eds.) Acarologia IX, Vol.2 (Sympo-
sia), Ohio Biol. Survey, pp. 57–62.

Knülle, W. 2003. Interaction between genetic and in-
ductive factors controlling the expression of dis-
persal and dormancy morphs in dimorphic astig-
matic mites. Evolution, 57: 828–838.

Kosir, M. 1975. Ernahrung und Entwicklung von Pyg­
mephorus mesembrinae und P. quadratus. Pedo­
biologia, 15: 313–329.

Koštal, V. 2006. Eco-physiological phases of insect dia-
pause. Journal of Insect Physiology, 52: 113–127.

Koveos, D.S. and Tzanakakis, M.E. 1991. Effect of hy-
dration, photoperiod and temperature on diapause
termination in eggs of Petrobia (Tetranychina)
harti (Acari: Tetranychidae). Experimental and
Applied Acarology, 11: 111–123.

Kozhanchikov, I.V. 1959. [About species-specific pe-
culiarities and evolution of life cycles in lepi-
dopterous insects]. In: Doklady IX–X Yezhegod-
nykh Chteniy pamyati N.A. Kholodkovskogo. Izd.
Nauka, Leningrad, pp.5–28. [in Russian]

Kozlowski, J. and Boczek, J. 1989. Life-cycle of apple
rust mite, Aculus schlechtendali (Nal.). Prace
Nauk. Institut Ochr. Ros ́lin, 31: 49–65.

Krantz, G.W. 1979. The role of Phytocoptella avella­
nae (Nal.) and Cecidophyopsis vermiformis
(Nal.) (Eriophyoidea) in big bud of filbert. In: E.
Piffl (Ed.) Proceedings of the 4th Intern. Congress
of Acarology. Akad. Kiadǒ, Budapest, pp.
201–206.

Krantz, G.W. 1978. A manual of acarology. 2nd edn.
Oregon State University Press, 509 pp.

Krombein, K.V. 1967. Trap Nesting Wasps and Bees:
Life Histories, Nests and Associates. Smithsonian
Press, Washington, DC. 496 pp.

Kroon, A. and Veendaal, R.L. 1998. Trade-off between
diapause and other life-history traits in the spider
mite Tetranychus urticae. Ecological Entomology,
23: 298–304.

Krysan, J.I. 1978. Diapause, quiescence, and moisture
in the egg of the western corn rootworm, Diabrot­
ica virgifera. Journal of Insect Physiology, 24:
535–540.

Lakshman, L. 1978. Biology of Brevipalpus phoenicis
(Geijskes) (Tenuipalpidae: Acarina). Acarologia,
20: 97–101.

Lange, A.B. 1984. Podtip Chelicerata [Subtype Chelic-
erata]. In: M.S. Gylarov (Ed.) Zhizn zhivotnykh.
Moscow. Vol. 3: 8–108. [in Russian]

Lange, A.B., Drozdovskiy, E.M., and Bushkovskaya,
L.M. 1974. [Anystid mites — effective predators
of small phytophagous pests]. Zashchyta Rasteniy,
1: 26–28. [in Russian]

Lebrun, P. 1971. Ecologie et biocenotique de quelques
peuplements d’arthropodes edaphiques. Inst. R.
Sci. Nat. Belg. Mem., 165: 1–203.

Lees, A.D. 1950. Diapause and photopeiodism in the
fruit tree red spider mite (Metatetranychus ulmi).
Nature (London), 166: 874–875.

Lees, A.D. 1955. Physiology of Diapause in Arthro­
pods. Cambridge Univ. Press, 151 p.

Lindquist, E.E. 1986. The world genera of Tarsonemi-
dae (Acari: Heterostigmata): a morphological,
phylogenetic, and systematic revision, with a re-
classification of family-group taxa in the Het-
erostigmata. Memoirs of the Entomological Soci­
ety of Canada, 136: 1–517.

Lions, J.C. and Gourbiere, F. 1989. Populations
d’Adorites ovatus (Acariens, Oribate) vivant á
l’extérieur des aiguilles dans la litière d’Abies
alba. Rev. Ecol. Biol. Sol., 26: 213–223.

Lohmann, H. 1889. Die Unterfamilie der Halacaridae
und die Meeresmilben der Ostsee. Zool. Jahrbu­
cher (Syst.), 4: 269–408.

Lombardero, M.J., Klepzig, K.D., Moser, J.C., and Ai-
res, M.P. 2000. Biology, demography and com-
munity interactions of Tarsonemus (Acari: Tar-
sonemidae) mites phoretic on Dendroctonus
frontalis (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Applied and
Forest Entomology, 2: 193–202.

Löyttyniemi, K. 1970. Zur Biologie der Nadelholzspin-
nmilbe (Oligonychus ununguis Jacobi) (Acarina,
Tetranychidae) in Finnland. Acta Entomologica
Fennica, 27: 1–64.

Löyttyniemi, K. 1971. On the biology of Nalepella
haarlovi Boczek, var. piceae-abietis (Acarina,
Eriophyidae). Communications of Finnish For­
estry Institute, 73: 1–16.

Luxton, M. 1981. Studies on the oribatid mites of a
Danish beech wood soil. IV. Developmental biol-
ogy. Pedobiologia, 21: 312–340.

MacArthur, R.H. and Wilson, E.O. 1967. The Theory of
Island Biogeography. Princeton Univ. Press,
Princeton, NJ. 203 pp.

Makkaveeva, E.B. 1966. [About biology of Halacarel­
lus basteri (Johnston) in the Black See]. In:
Raspredelenie bentosa i biologiya donnych zivot-
nych v yuznykh moryakh. Akad. Nauk Ukrain-
skoy SSR. Kiev. pp. 38–45. [In Russian]
Mansingh, A. 1971. Physiological classification of dor-
mancies in insects. Canadian Entomologist, 103:
983–1009.

Manson, D.C.M. and Oldfield, G.N. 1996. Life forms,
deuteroginy, diapause and seasonal development.
In: E.E. Lindquist et al. (Eds.) Eriophyid Mites —
Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control. El-
sevier Sci. Publ., Amsterdam, pp. 173–183.

Maraun, M., Heethoff, M., Schneider, K., Scheu, S.,
Weigmann, G., Cianciolo, J., Thomas, R.H., and
Norton, R.A. 2004. Molecular phylogeny of orib-
atid mites (Oribatida, Acari): evidence for multi-
ple radiations of parthenogenetic lineages. Experi­
mental and Applied Acarology, 33: 183–201.

Marshall, D.J. and Convey, P. 1999. Compact aggrega-
tion and life-history strategy in a continent Antarc-
tic mite. In: J. Bruin et al. (Eds). Ecology and Evo-
lution of the Acari. Kluwer Publ., pp. 557–567.

Masaki, S. 1978. Seasonal and latitudinal adaptations
in the cycles of crickets. In: Evolution of Insect
Migration and Diapause. N.-Y., pp.72–100.

McCoy, C.W., Selhime, A.G., and Kanavel, R.F. 1969.
The feeding behavior and biology of Paraprone­
matus acaciae (Prostigmata: Tydeidae). The Flor­
ida Entomologist, 52: 13–19.

Meleney, W.P. 1985. Mange mites and other parasitic
mites. In: S.M. Gaafar (Ed.). Parasites, Pests and
Predators. World Animal Science, B2. Elsevier,
Amsterdam, 317 pp.

Mercado, D., Puerta, L., and Caraballo, L. 2001. Life-
cycle of Suidasia medanensis (= pontifica) (Acari:
Suidasiidae) under laboratory conditions in a trop-
ical environment. Exper. Appl. Acarology, 25:
751–755.

Miller, L.W. 1950. Factors influencing diapause in the
European red mite. Nature (London), 166: 875.

Mironov, S.V. 2000. [Seasonal dynamics of population
of the feather mite Monojoubertia microphylla
(Astigmata: Analgoidea: Proctophyllodidae) in
the chaffinch Fringilla coelebs]. Parazitologiya,
34: 457–469. [in Russian]

Mironov, S.V. and Bochkov, A.B. 2009. [Modern con-
ceptions on the macrophylogeny of acariform
mites (Chelicerata: Acariformes)]. Zoologichesky
Zhurnal (in press). [in Russian]

Mitchell, M.J. 1977a. Population dynamics of oribatid
mites (Acari, Cryptostigmata) in an aspen wood-
land soil. Pedobiologia, 17: 305–319.

Mitchell, M.J. 1977b. Life history strategies of oribatid
mites. In: D.L. Dindal (ed.) Biology of Oribatid
Mites. SUNY-CESF, Syracuse, pp. 65–69.

Müller, H.J. 1970. Formen der Dormanz bei Insekten.
Nova Acta Leopoldina, N.F., 35: 7–27.

Müller, H.J. 1992. Dormanz bei Arthropoden. G. Fis-
cher Verlag, Jena. 289 pp.

Mumcuoglu, K.Y. and Lutsky, I. 1990. The life cycle
of Dermatophagoides evansi Fain 1967 (Acari:
Pyroglyphidae), a mite associated with poultry.
Acarologia, 31: 191–194.

Norton, R.A. 1994. Evolutionary aspects of oribatid
mite’s life histories and consequences for the ori-
gin of the Astigmata. In: M.A. Houck (ed.). Mites:
Ecological and evolutionary analyses of life-his­
tory patterns. Chapman & Hall, pp. 99–135.

Norton, R.A. 1998. Morphological evidence for the
evolutionary origin of Astigmata (Acari: Acari-
formes). Experimental and Applied Acarology,
22: 559–594.

Norton, R.A., Graham, T.B., and Alberti, G. 1996: A
rotifer-eating Ameronothroid (Acari: Amerono-
thridae) mite from ephemeral pools on the Colo-
rado Plateau. In: R. Mitchell et al. (eds.), Acarol-
ogy IX, Proceedings, Ohio Biological Survey,
Columbus, vol. 1, pp. 539–542.

O’Connor, B.M. 1982. Evolutionary ecology of astig-
matid mites. Annual Review of Entomology, 27:
385–409.

O’Connor, B.M. 1984. Phylogenetic relationships
among higher taxa in the Acariformes, with par-
ticular reference to the Astigmata. In: D.A. Grif-
fith and C.E. Bowman (Eds). Acarology VI, Vol.
1. Ellis Horwood Ltd, Chichester, UK, pp. 19–27.

Ohashi, K., Kotsubo, Y., and Takafuji, A. 2003. Disri-
bution and overwintering ecology of Tetranychus
takafujii (Acari: Tetranychidae), a species found
from Kinki district, Japan. Journal of the Acaro­
logical Society of Japan, 12: 107–113.

Okabe, K. and Makino, S. 2003. Life history of Kuro­
saia jiju (Acari: Winterschmidtiidae) symbiotic
with a mason wasp, Anterhynchium flavomargin­
atum micado (Hymenoptera: Eumenidae). Annals
of Entomological Soc America, 96: 652–659.

Olomski, R. 1995. Die Ökophysiologie des Wasser-
und Salzhaushalt der Anystidae (Acari: Prostig-
mata) und ihre strukturellen Grundlagen. Ein Be-
itrag zum Verständnis der phylogenetischen
Abwandlung innerhalb der prostigmatischen Mil-
ben. PhD thesis Universität Bremen.

Otranto, D., Milillo, P., Mesto, O., Caprariis, D., Per-
cucci, S., and Carelli, G. 2004. Otodectes cynotis
(Acari: Psoroptidae): examination of survival off-
the-host under natural and laboratory conditions.
Exper. Appl. Acarology, 32: 171–179.

Ozman, S.K. 2000. Some biological and morphological
differences between gall and vagrant forms of
Phytoptus avellanae Nal. (Acari: Phytoptidae). In­
ternational Journal of Acarology, 26: 215–219.

Ozman, S.K. 2001. The life history and population de-
velopment of Rhincaphytoptus negundivagrans
Farkas (Acari: Diptilomiopidae). In: R.B. Halli-
day et al. (Eds). Acarology: Proceedings of the
10th International Congress. CSIRO Publ., Mel-
bourn, pp. 352–354.

Ozman, S.K. and Goolsby, J.A. 2005. Biology and phe-
nology of the eriophyid mite, Floracarus perre­
pae, on its native host in Australia, Old World
climbing fern, Lygodium microphyllum. Experi­
mental and Applied Acarology, 35: 197–213.

Ozman, S.K. and Toros, S. 1997. Life cycles of Phytop­
tus avellanae Nal. and Cecidophyopsis vermi­
formis Nal. (Eriophyoidea: Acarina). In: A.I. Kök-
sal et al. (Eds.) Fourth International Symposium
on Hazelnut, pp. 493–499.

Peck, L.S., Convey, P., and Barnes, D.K.A. 2006. En-
vironmental constraints on life histories in Antarc-
tic ecosystems: tempos, timings and predictability.
Biological Reviews, 81: 75–109.

Perron, R. 1954. Untersuchungen über Bau, Entwick-
lung und Physiologie der Milbe Histiostoma labo­
ratorium Hughes. Acta Zooogica (Stockholm),
35: 71–17.

Pianka, E.R. 1970. On r- and K-selection. American
Naturalist, 104: 592–597.

Poutier, K.J.B., Moraes, G.J., and Kreiter, S. 2000. Bi-
ology of Tenuipalpus heveae (Tenuipalpidae) on
rubber tree leaves. Acarology, 41: 423–427.

Proctor, H.C. 2003. Feather mites (Acari: Astigmata):
ecology, behavior, and evolution. Annual Review
of Entomology, 48: 185–209.

Proctor, H.C. and Harvey, M. 1998. Hydracarina. Wa-
ter mites. Version 09 August 1998. http://tolweb.
org/Hydracarina/2606/1998.08.09 in The Tree of
Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/

Pugh, P.J.A. and King, P.E. 1986. Seasonality in some
British intertidal Acari. Journal of Natural Histo­
ry, 20: 653–666.

Putman, W.L. 1970. Life history and behaviour of
Balaustium putmani. Annals of Entomological So­
ciety of America, 63: 76–81.

Rack, G. and Eickwort, G.C. 1980. Biology and de-
scription of a new pygmephorid mite (Acarina:
Tarsonemida) associated with the soil-nesting bee
Agapostemon nasutus (Hym.: Yalictidae). Acaro­
logia, 21: 267–278.

Rashki, M., Saboori, A., Nowzari, J., and Zenouz, E.B.
2004. Biology of Cenopalpus irani Dosse (Acari:
Tenuipalpidae) in Mahdasht region of Karaj, Iran.
Systematic and Applied Acarology, 9: 23–25.

Reeves, R.M. 1969. Seasonal distribution of some for-
est soil Oribatei. In: Proceedings of 2nd Interna-
tional Congress of Acarology (1967, UK), pp.
23–30.

Ridsdill-Smith, T.J. 1997. Biology and control of Halo­
tydeus destructor (Tucker) (Acarina: Penthalei-
dae): a review. Exper. Appl. Acarology, 21:
195–224.

Ridsdill-Smith, T.J. and Annellis, A.J. 1997. Seasonal
occurrence and abundance of redlegged earth mite
Halotydeus destructor (Acari: Penthaleidae) in
annual pastures of south western Australia. Bulle­
tin of Entomological Research, 87: 413–423.

Ridsdill-Smith, T.J., Kriticos, D., Pavri, C., and De
Boer, E. 2005. Predictions of summer diapause in
the redlegged earth mite, Halotydeus destructor
(Acari: Penthaleidae), in Australia. Journal of In­
sect Physiology, 51 (Special Issue 6): 717–726.

Sabelis, M.W. 1991. Life-history evolution in spider
mites. In: The Acari. Reproduction, development
and life-history strategies. Chapman and Hall,
London, p. 23–50.

Saboori, A. and Zhang, Z.Q. 1996. Biology of Allo­
thrombium mitchelli and A. pulvinum (Acari:
Trombidiidae) in West Mazandran, Iran. Experi­
mental and Applied Acarology, 20: 137–142.

Sakata, T and Norton, R.A. 2001. Opisthonotal gland
chemistry of early-derivate oribatid mites (Acari)
and its relevance to systematic relationships of
Astigmata. Internat. J. Acarol., 27: 281–291.

Saleh, S.M., El-Helaly, M.S., and El-Gayar, F.H. 1986.
Life history of the predatory mite Cheyletus mal­
accensis (Oudemans). Acarologia, 27: 37–40.

Sapozhnikova, F.D. 1982. [Photoperiodic reaction of
the eriophyid mite, Aculus schlechtendali]. Ento­
mol. Obozrenie, 61: 637–643. [in Russian]

Saulich, A.Kh. 1999. Sezonnoe razvitie nasekomykh i
vozmozhnosti ikh rasseleniya [Seasonal develop­
ment of insects and possibilities of their settlement].
St. Petersburg Univer. Press, 247 pp. [in Russian]

Saulich, A.Kh. and Mussolin, D.L. 2008. Sezonnoe
razvitie vodnykh i okolovodnykh poluzhestkokry-
lykh nasekomykh [Seasonal development of
aquatic and semiaquatic heteropteran insects]. St.
Petersburg Univ. Press, 204 pp. [in Russian]

Saulich, A.Kh. and Volkovich, T.A. 2004. Ekologiya
fotoperiodizma nasekomykh [Ecology of Insect
Photoperiodism]. St. Petersburg University Press,
275 pp. [in Russian]

Saunders, D.S. 2002. Insect Clocks. 3rd Edition. Elsevi-
er Science. 584 pp.

Schaefer, M. 1987. Life cycles and diapause. In: W.
Nentwig (Ed.) Ecophysiology of Spiders. Springer
Verlag, Berlin, pp. 331–347.

Schatz, H. 1985. The life cycle of an alpine oribatid
mite, Oromurcia sudetica Willrnann. Acarologia,
26: 95–100.

Schmidt, P.Ju. 1955. Anabioz [Anabiosis]. 4th Edition.
Moscow, 436 pp. [In Russian]

Schousboe, C. 1986. On the biology of Scutacarus ac­
arorum Goeze (Acarina: Trombidiformes). Ac­
arologia, 27: 151–158.

Shatrov, A.B. 2000. Krasnotelkovye kleshchi i ikh
parazitizm na pozvonochnykh [Trombiculid mites
and their parasitism on vertebrate hosts]. St. Pe-
tersburg, 280 p. [in Russian, Engl. Summary]

Shatrov, A.B. 2003. Further observations on the life
cycle and life strategy of a trombiculid mite Hir­
sutiella zachavtkini (Schluger, 1948) (Acari-
formes: Trombiculidae) in the laboratory. Acarina,
11: 73–90.

Shatrov, A.B. and Kudryashova, N.I. 2006. Taxonomy,
life cycles and the origin of parasitism in tromb-
iculid mites. In: S. Morand, B. Krasnov and R.
Poulin (Eds). Micromammals and Macroparasites
(from Evolutionary Ecology to Management),
Springer, pp. 119–140.

Shelford, V.E. 1929. Laboratory and Field Ecology.
Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore.
Shevtchenko, V.G. 1957. The life-history of alder gall
mite Eriophyes (s.str.) laevis (Nalepa, 1891) Nale-
pa, 1898 (Acariformes, Tetrapodili). Entomol.
Obozrenie, 36: 598–618. [In Russian]

Shevtchenko, V.G. and De-Millo, A.P. 1968. Life cycle
of Trisetacus kirghizorum V. Shev., a seed pest of
Juniperus semiglobosus Rgl. Vestnik Leningrad­
skogo Universiteta, 3 (Ser. biol., 1): 60–67. [In
Russian]

Shinkaji, N. 1975. Seasonal occurrence of the winter
eggs and environmental factors controlling the
evocation of diapause in the common conifer spi-
der mite, Oligonychus ununguis (Acarina, Tet-
ranychidae). Japanese Journal of Applied Ento­
mology and Zoology, 19: 105–111, 144–148.

Shoshina, M.A. 1965. [Survival of chiggers Trombicu­
la zachvatkini Schluger, 1948 at low tempera-
tures]. Med. Parazitologiya i Parazit. Bolezni, 34:
355–356. [in Russian]

Siemer, F. 1996. Distribution, zonation, phenology and
life cycle of the Halacaridae (Prostigmata) of arti-
ficial rocky shores located at the Weser estuary
(Germany). In: R. Mitchell et al. (Eds). Acarology
IX. Vol. 1 (Proceedings). Ohio Biol. Survey, USA,
pp. 547–551.

Siemer, F. 1999. The influence of various kinds of
food on the distribution and life cycle of Metar­
hombognathus armatus (Halacaridae). In: J. Bru-
in et al. (Eds). Ecology and Evolution of the Ac-
ari. Kluwer Acad. Publishers, Netherlands, pp.
433–439.

Siepel, H. 1994. Life-history tactics of soil microar-
thropods. Biologic Fertilization of Soils, 18:
263–278.

Simonová, V. 1983. Developmental cycle of chiggers
under laboratory conditions. Folia parasitologica
(Praha), 30: 79–87.

Sitnikova, L.G. 1959. [Life cycles of some oribatid
mites and methods of their culture]. Zoologichesky
Zhurnal, 38: 1663–1673. [In Russian]

Skoracka, A. and Kuczyński, L. 2003. Population dy-
namics of eriophyoid mites (Acari: Eriophyoidea)
living on grasses in Poland. Biological Letters, 40:
101–110.

Smith, I.M., Smith, B.P., and Cook, D.R. 2001. Water
mites (Hydrachnida) and other Arachnids. In: J.H.
Thorp and A.P. Covich (Eds.). Ecology and Clas-
sification of North American fresh-water Inverte-
brates. 2nd Edition, Acad. Press, pp. 551–659.

Smrž, J. 2002. Microanatomical and microbiological
characteristics of the quiescent state of Scutover­
tex minutus (Acari: Oribatida). Exper. Appl. Ac­
arology, 27: 103–112.

Sokolov, I.I. 1952. Vodyanye kleshchi (II. Halacarae)
[Water mites (II. Halacarae)]. Fauna of the USSR,
Paukoobraznye, 5 (5). Publisher: Acad. Sci. Mos-
cow-Leningrad, 201 pp. [In Russian]

Sokolov, V.K. 1986. [Distribution of birch-mite (Ac-
arina: Tetrapodili) galls on the skeletal branch of
the food tree]. Ekologiya, 3: 67–72. [In Russian]

Söller, R., Wohltmann, A., Witte, H., and Blohm, D.
2001. Phylogenetic relationships within terrestrial
mites (Acari: Prostigmata, Parasitengona) inferred
from comparative DNA sequence analysis of the
mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase Subunit I
Gene. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution,
18: 47–53.

Soma, K.1990. Studies on the life history of Phthirac­
arus japonicus (Acarina: Phthiracaridae) in a
creeping pine (Pinus pumita Regel) shrub. Eda­
phologia, 43: 25–30.

Sorokin, S. 1948. [Population of grain mites in hay].
Zool. Zhurnal, 27: 487–491. [in Russian]

Southcott, R.V. 1961. Notes on the genus Caeculisoma
(Acarina: Erythraeidae) with comments on the bi-
ology of the Erythraeoidea. Trans. Roy. Soc. South
Australia, 84: 163–178.

Southwood, T.R.E. 1977. Habitat, the templet for eco-
logical strategies. Journal of Animal Ecology, 46:
337–365.

Søvik, G. 2004. The biology and life history of arctic
populations of the littoral mite Ameronothrus lin­
eatus (Acari, Oribatida). Exper. Appl. Acarology,
34: 3–20.

Søvik, G. and Leinaas, H.P. 2003. Adult survival and
reproduction in an arctic mite, Ameronothrus lin­
eatus (Acari, Oribatida): effects of temperature
and winter cold. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 8:
1579–1588.

Søvik, G., Leinaas, H.P., Ims, R.A., and Solhoy, T.
2003. Population dynamics and life history of the
oribatid Ameronothrus lineatus (Acari, Oribatida)
on the high arctic archipelago of Svalbard. Pedo­
biologia, 47: 257–271.

Straarup, J.O. 1968. On the life cycles of Halacarids
(Acari) from the Øresund. Ophelia, 5: 255–271.
Sukhareva, S.I. 1992. Chetyrekhnogiye kleshchi na
zlakakh [Four-legged mites on grasses]. St. Pe-
tersburg Univ. Press, 232 pp. [In Russian]

Sukhareva, S.I. and Sapozhnikova, F.D. 1975. [Sea-
sonal adaptations in the four-legged mites (Acari-
na, Eriophyidae)]. Vestnik Leningradskogo Uni­
versiteta (Ser. Biol.), 9: 47–55. [In Russian]

Sweatman, G.K. 1958. Biology of Otodectes cynotis,
the ear canker mite of carnivores. Canadian Jour­
nal of Zoology, 36: 849–861.

Takahashi, M., Machida, K., Murata, M., Misumi, H.,
Hori, E., Kawamura, A., Jr., and Tanaka, H. 1993.
Seasonal development of Leptotrombidium pal­
lidum (Acari: Trombiculidae) observed by experi-
mental rearing in the natural environment. Journal
of Medical Entomology, 30: 320–325.

Takahashi, M., Morita, K., Tsuji, O., Misumi, H., Ot-
suji, J., Hori, E., Kawamura, A., Jr., and Tanaka,
H. 1995. Seasonal development of Leptotrombidi­
um akamushi (Acari: Trombiculidae) under field
temperatures. Journal of Medical Entomology, 32:
843–846.

Tauber, M.J., Tauber, C.A., and Masaki, S. 1986. Sea­
sonal Adaptations of Insects. Oxford Univ. Press.
411 pp.

Thiele, H.U. 1973. Remarks about Mansingh’s and
Müller’s classifications of dormancies in insects.
Canadian Entomologist, 105: 925–28.

Tilrem, L. 1994. Life history traits in two Oribatid
mites (Ameronothrus lapponicus Dal. and
Phauloppia sp.) in an extreme high mountain hab-
itat. Cand. Sci. Thesis. University of Bergen, Nor-
way.

Timms, S., Ferro, D.N., and Emberson, R.M. 1981.
General biology and nomenclature of Sancassania
berlesei (Michael). Acarologia, 22: 385–390.

Tyshchenko, V.P. 1973. [About an origin and evolution
of photoperiodic response in insects]. Zhurnal Ob­
shchey Biologii, 34: 539–558. [in Russian]

Tyshchenko, V.P. 1983. [Evolution of seasonal adapta-
tions in insects]. Zhurnal Obschhey Biologii, 44:
10–22. [in Russian]

Umina, P.A. and Hoffmann, A.A. 2003. Diapause and
implications for control of Penthaleus species and
Halotydeus destructor (Acari: Penthaleidae) in
southeastern Australia. Exper. Appl. Acarology,
31: 209–223.

Umina, P.A., Hoffmann, A.A., and Weeks, A.R. 2004.
Biology, ecology and control of the Penthaleus
species complex (Acari: Penthaleidae). Exper.
Appl. Acarology, 34: 211–237.

Ushatinskaya, R.S. 1973. [Insect diapause and its mod-
ifications]. Zhurnal Obshchey Biologii, 34:
194–215. [in Russian]

Ushatinskaya, R.S. 1976. Insect dormancy and its clas-
sification. Zoologiche Jahrbücher, Abt. Systema­
tik, 103: 76–97.

Ushatinskaya, R.S. 1990. Skrytaya zhizn’ i anabioz
[Latent life and anabiosys]. Moscow, 182 pp. [In
Russian]

Ushida, M. 1980. Appearance time of diapausing fe-
males and termination of diapause in the two-spot-
ted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch and the
Kanzawa spider mite, Tetranychus kanzawai
Kishida on pear tree in Tottori district. Japan
Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology, 24:
175–183. [In Japanese]

Vasil’eva, I.S. 1977. [Data on biology of the free-living
phases of Hirsutiella zachvatkini and Leptotrom­
bidium orientalis (Acariformes, Trombiculidae)].
Zoologichesky Zhurnal, 56: 162–163. [in Rus-
sian]

Veerman, A. 1977. Photoperiodic termination of dia-
pause in spider mites. Nature (London), 266:
526–527.

Veerman, A. 1985. Diapause. In: W. Helle and M.W.
Sabelis (Eds). Spider Mites. Their Biology, Natu-
ral Enemies and Control. Amsterdam, Vol. 1A,
pp. 279–316.

Veerman, A. 1992. Diapause in phytoseiid mites: a re-
view. Exper. Appl. Acarology, 14: 1–60.

Veerman, A. 2001. Photoperiodic time measurement in
insects and mites: a critical evaluation of the oscil-
lator-clock hypothesis. Journal of Insect Physiol­
ogy, 47: 1097–1109.

Vinogradova, E.B. 2007. Diapause in aquatic insects,
with emphasis on mosquitoes. In: V.R. Alekseev
et al. (eds.). Diapause in aquatic Invertebrates:
Theory and Human Use. Springer, pp. 83–114.
Vistorin-Theis, G. 1975. Entwicklungszyklus der Ca-
lyptostomiden (Acari, Trombidiformes). Acarolo­
gia, 17: 683–692.

Wainstein, B.A. 1978. Sistema, evolyutsiya i filogeniya
trombidiiformnykh kleshchey [The system, evolu-
tion and phylogeny of the trombidiform mites]. In:
M.S. Gylarov (Ed.). Opredelitel pochvoobitayush-
chikh kleshchey, Trombidiformes. Nauka, Mos-
cow, pp. 228–244. [in Russian]

Wallace, M.M.H. 1970a. Diapause in aestivating eggs
of Halotydeus destructor. Australian Journal of
Zoology, 18: 295–313.

Wallace, M.M.H. 1970b. The influence of temperature
on the post-diapausal development and survival in
the aestivating eggs of Halotydeus destructor (Ac-
ari: Eupodidae). Australian Journal of Zoology,
18: 315–329.

Wallace, M.M.H. 1971. The influence of temperature
and moisture on diapause development in the eggs
of Bdellodes lapidaria (Acari: Bdellidae). Journal
of Australian Entomological Society, 10:
276–280.

Walter, D.E. and Proctor, H.C. 1999. Mites. Ecology,
Evolution and Behaviour. UNSW Press, CABI
Publishing, 322 pp.

Webb, N.R. 1977. Observations on Steganacarus mag­
nus: general biology and life cycle. Acarologia,
19: 686–696.

Weigmann, G. 1975. Labor- und Freilanduntersuchun-
gen zur Generationsdauer von Oribatiden. Pedo­
biologia, 15: 133–148.

Welbourn, W.C. 1991. Phylogenetic studies of the ter-
restrial Parasitengona. In: F. Dusbabek and V.
Bukva (Eds.). Modern acarology, Vol. 2. Aca-
demia, Prague, pp. 163–170.

Wendt, F.-E., Olomski, R., Leimann, J., and Wohlt-
mann, A. 1992. Parasitism, life cycle and phe-
nology of Leptus trimaculatus (Herman, 1804)
(Acari: Parasitengonae: Erythraeidae) including
a description of the larva. Acarologia, 33:
55–68.

Wendt, F.E., Wohltmann, A., Eggers, A., and Otto, J.C.
1994. Studies on parasitism, development and
phenology of Johnstoniana parva n. sp. (Acari:
Parasitengonae: Johnstonianidae) including a de-
scription of all active stages. Acarologia, 35:
49–63.

Westphal, E., Dreger, F., and Bronner, R. 1990. Life-
cycle of gall mite Aceria cladophthirus, survival
outside the gall and symptoms’ expression on sus-
ceptible or resistant Solanum dulcamara plants.
Exper Appl. Acarology, 9: 183–200.

Wharton, G.W. 1976. House dust mites. Journal of
Medical Entomology, 12: 577–621.

White, N.D. and Laing, J.E. 1977. Some aspects of the
biology and a laboratory life table of the acarine
predator Zetzellia mali. Canadian Entomologist,
109: 1275–1281.

White, N.D. and Sinha, R.N. 1982. Life history and
population dynamics of the mycophagous mite
Tarsonemus granarius Lindquist (Acarina: Tar-
sonemidae). Acarologia, 22: 353–360.

Wiggins, G.J., Grant, J.F., and Welbourn, W.C. 2001.
Allothrombium mitchelli (Acari: Trombidiidae) in
the Great Smoky Mountains National Park: Inci-
dence, Seasonality, and Predation on Beech Scale
(Homoptera: Eriococcidae). Annals of Entomo­
logical Society of America, 94: 896–901.

Wiles, P.R., Cameron, J., Behnke, J.M., Hartley, I.R.,
Gilbert, F.S., and McGregor, P.K. 2000. Season
and ambient air temperature influence the distribu-
tion of mites (Proctophyllodes stylifer) across the
wings of blue tits (Parus caeruleus). Canad. J.
Zool., 78: 1397–1407.

Woas, S. 2002. Acari: Oribatida. In: J. Adis (Ed.). Am-
azonian Arachnida and Myriapoda. Pensoft Pub-
lishers. Sofia, Bulgaria, pp. 21–291.

Wohltmann, A. 1995. On the life cycle of two Leptus
species with remarks on the diversity of life cycle
strategies within the genus Leptus Latreille (Pros-
tigmata: Parasitengonae: Erythraeoidea). In: D.
Kropczynska et al. (Eds.). The Acari: Physiological
and Ecological Aspects of Acari-Host Relation-
ships, Oficyna DABOR, Warzawa, pp. 447–454.

Wohltmann, A. 1996. On the life-cycle and parasitism
of Johnstoniana errans (Johnston) 1852 (Acari:
Prostigmata Parasitengonae). Acarologia, 37:
201–209.

Wohltmann, A. 1997. Parasitism and life cycle strate-
gies in Microtrombidiidae (Prostigmata: Para-
sitengonae) from Europe. In: R. Mitchell et al.
(Eds.). Acarology IX. Vol.1, Proceedings. Ohio
Biological Survey, Columbus. pp. 101–104.

Wohltmann, A. 1998. Water vapour uptake and drought
resistance in immobile instars of Parasitengona
(Acari: Prostigmata). Canad. J. Zool., 76:
1741–1754.

Wohltmann, A. 1999. On the biology of Trombidium
brevimanum (Berlese, 1910) (Acari: Prostigmata:
Parasitengonae: Trombidiidae) with a redescrip-
tion of all active instars. Mitteilungen der Ham­
burg Zoologische Museum und Institut, 96:
157–168.

Wohltmann, A. 2001. The evolution of life histories in
Parasitengona. Acarologia, 4: 145–204.

Wohltmann, A., Wendt, F.-E., Eggers, A., and Otto,
J.C. 1994. Observations on parasitism, develop-
ment and phenology of Johnstoniana tuberculata
Schweizer 1951 (Acari: Parasitengonae: Johnsto-
nianidae) including a redescription of all active
instars. Acarologia, 35: 153–166.

Wohltmann, A., Wendt, K.E., and Waubke, M. 1996.
The life cycle and parasitism of the European
grasshopper mite Eutrombidium trigonum (Her-
mann, 1804) (Prostigmata: Parasitengonae: Mi-
crothrombidiidae), a potential agent for biologi-
cal control of grasshoppers (Saltatoria).
Experimental and Applied Acorology, 20:
545–562.

Wohltmann, A., Witte, H., and Olomski, R. 2001. Or-
ganismal patterns causing high potential for adap-
tive radiation in Parasitengonae (Acari: Prostig-
mata). In: R.B. Halliday et al. (Eds.). Acarology:
Procedings of the 10th International Congress.
CSIRO Publ., Melbourne, pp. 83–99.

Woodring, J.P. and Cook, E.F. 1962. The biology of
Ceratozetes cisalpinus Berl., Scheloribates laevi­
gatus Koch, and Oppia neerlandica Oudm. (Orib-
atei) with a description of all stages. Acarologia,
4: 101–137.

Young, S.R. and Block, W. 1980. Experimental studies
on the cold tolerance of Alaskozetes antarcticus.
Journal of Insect Physiology, 26: 189–200.
Zacharda, M. 2004. The cool tolerant predatory mite
Rhagidia gelida (Prostigmata) indicates patchy
permafrost in Czech highlands. In: G. Weigmann
et al. (Eds.). Acarine Biodiversity in the Natural
and Human Sphere (Proc. V Symp. EURAAC),
pp. 229–235.

Zacher, M.A., Yousef, A.E.T., and Kandil, M.M. 1981.
Effect of food on the biology of Cheletogenes or­
natus (C. & F.) (Prostigmata: Cheyletidae). Ac­
arologia, 22: 361–366.

Zachvatkin, A.A. 1953. [Studies on the morphology
and postembryonic development of tyroglyphids
(Sarcoptiformes, Tyroglyphoidea).] In: E.S.
Smirnov (Ed). A.A. Zachvatkin. Sbornik nauch-
nykh rabot. Moscow State University Publishing
House, Moscow, pp. 19–120. [in Russian]

Zaslavsky, V.A. 1984. Photoperiodichesky i tempera-
turny control razvitiya nasekomykh [Photoperi­
odic and tempertature control of insect develop­
ment]. Leningrad, 184 pp. [In Russian] (English
translation: 1988, Springer Verlag, Berlin)
Zein-Eldin, E.A. 1956. Studies on the legume mite,
Petrobia apicalis. Journal of Economical Ento­
mology, 49: 291–296.

Zekhnov, M.I. 1946. [Adaptive events in feather mites
of jackdaw]. Doklady Akad. Nauk USSR, 51:
559–561.

Zhang, Z.Q. and Xin, J.L. 1989. Biology of Allothrom­
bium pulvinum (Acariformes: Trombidiidae), a po-
tential biological control agent of aphids in China.
Experimental and Applied Acarology, 6: 101–108.
Zou, P., Gao, J.-R., and Ma, E.-P. 1993. Preliminary
studies on the biology of the pest mite Luciapho­
rus auriculariae (Acari: Pygmephoridae) infest-
ing Jew’s ear mushroom Auricularia polytricha in
China. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 17:
225–232.

Zyromska-Rudzka, A. 1964. Abundance dynamics and
age structure of populations of Carpoglyphus lac­
tis in closed cultures. Ekologia Polska, Ser. A, 12:
355–367.